Since the first cataract canal had such high military and economic importance, Senusret III made sure that it was regularly maintained. [18][19], Scholars could only make assumptions about the reasons why Senusret III chose to have himself portrayed in such a unique way, and polarized on two diverging opinions. He is also associated with the nameless pharaoh from the biblical book of Genesis, chapters 39-47, in which Joseph is sold into servitude in Egypt and wins his freedom through his ability to interpret dreams accurately. What was significant about pharaoh Hatshepsut? Khakhaure Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. He was to attack Nubia in several occasions - Year 8, 12 and 15 especially, the Nubians had gradually moved pass the border of the 3rd Cataract, given impetus by the two previous . Although Senusret I and Senusret II engaged in Nubian campaigns, they never extended the border as far as Senusret III; this makes him the most likely historical basis for Sesostris. Before him are John III Doukas Vatatzes, Fritz Sauckel, Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia, Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria, John, King of Denmark, and Lon Degrelle. There has been speculation that Senusret was not necessarily buried there, but rather, in his sophisticated funerary complex in Abydos and his pyramid more likely being a cenotaph.[2]. The deep lines in his face were common in images of Senwosret III and his son Amenemhet III. At the head of his army, he was considered invincible; he led his troops by example and always from the front. [6] The Greeks historians mention Asian campaigns by Sesostris, but unfortunately there are a lack of Egyptian sources to corroborate the classical claims. STANDS4 LLC, 2023. Another great stela from Semna dated to the third month of Year 16 of his reign mentions his military activities against both Nubia and Canaan. Length of this canal, 150 cubits; width, 20; depth, 15. [7]. Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. But he [who] abandons it, who fails to fight for it, he is not my son, he was not born to me. Monogamy was emphasized as a value even among the stories of the gods and male gods usually had only one female wife or consort but the king was allowed to have as many wives as he could support, as could any royal man of means, and this most likely influenced how male infidelity was perceived. World History Encyclopedia, 26 Jul 2017. He died of old age and before he died he appointed his successor Amenemhat II. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Name []. Josef Wegner. What was senusrets greatest accomplishments? Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract [3] and relentlessly pushed his kingdom's expansion deep into Nubia (from 1866 to 1863 BC) where he erected massive river forts including Buhen, Semna and Toshka at Uronarti. [23], More recently, it has been suggested that the purpose of such peculiar portraiture was not to represent realism, but rather, to reveal the perceived nature of royal power at the time of Senusret's reign. As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). This policy disenfranchised most of the nomarchs but, interestingly, there is no evidence of resistance to it, nor is there any indication that the king was resented for a move which should have significantly affected the standard of living of a number of formerly powerful families. There are fundamental changes during his reign in material culture and in the administration. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Sinuhe was a courier and assistant to the King of Egypt, Amenhotep I. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Idea of king as a war leader emphasized once again from Senusret III (go back to reread) Also a new kind of royal ideology: militaristic, becomes a visually distinct element of . Senusret II ruled Egypt during the end of the 1800s BCE. Egypts Old Kingdom declined for a number of reasons, foremost of which was the rise of regional potentates. The fragment itself is part of the remnants of the temple construction. License. Senusrets greatest accomplishments were in religious architecture. Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract of the Nile River, (this was different from the Canal of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). (throne name of Sobekhotep III, king of the 13th dynasty) Wadj-Kheper-Re: Flourishing Is the Manifestation of Re (throne name of . The Egyptians conferred upon him the rare honor of deifying him while he still lived. His military campaigns gave rise to an era of peace and economic prosperity that reduced the power of regional rulers and led to a revival in craftwork, trade and urban development. An online database of ancient Egyptian personal names, titles, and persons from the Middle Kingdom. Egypts incredible growth during the Middle Kingdom was spurred by a series of vigorous and able kings, notably Senusret III, who led the conquest of Nubia, campaigned in the Levant, and initiated several ambitious public works projects. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian . (2017, July 26). The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c. 2055-1650 BC). noble title. Senusret III was a son of his predecessor Amenemhat III and his wife Nefertitanen. The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. He expanded the southern border of Egypt into Nubian territory and the north-east into Canaan through direct military engagement while the western border toward Libya was extended through negotiation. Senusret III left a profound influence on Egypt that resonated for several centuries, not just in physical ways throughout the Nile Valley, but also in the minds of its people and even in the historiography of the ancient Greeks. Nubians served in the Egyptian army as mercenaries, as the core of the Egyptian police force, and as guards for royal and non-royal trade expeditions. Hatshepsut was only the third woman to become pharaoh in 3,000 years of ancient Egyptian history, and the first to attain the full power of the position. The pyramid complex included a small mortuary temple and seven smaller pyramids for his queens. Still, the fact that the Greek writers used the Egyptian priests as their source material proves that even centuries later the Egyptians continued to revere the memory of Senusret III. Consequently, he is regarded as one of the sources for the legend about Sesostris. Although there were many great kings throughout Egypt's history who honored and adhered to the concept of ma'at, few exemplified that principle of divine balance as closely as Senusret III. His own wife and sister was Neferu III. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. She shared power with her male relatives at first, then took over as sole ruler. It is made of gneiss. C.It is directly related to the author's biography. Khakaure Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or the hellenised form, Sesostris III) was a pharaoh of Egypt. Read more on Wikipedia. The Middle Kingdom king active nature in the realms of military conquest and building certainly made him the most important king of his period and arguably one of the most important in all of ancient Egypt, but his true influence can also be gauged by what later people wrote about him. His court included the viziers Nebit, and Khnumhotep. [2] Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Sinuhe was an official of the harem maintained for Amenemhet I by his queen. 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC. It will be nearly impossible to determine how much of what the Greek writers attributed to Sesostris and Sesoosis were actually done by Senusret III, but the salient point is that ancient peoples, both Egyptians and Greeks, believed that he was one of the greatest Egyptian kings. I have added to what was bequeathed me. Senusret III was a pharaoh of Egypt. The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom often appointed their sons as coregents, which was kind of like a vice-pharaoh. Deviating from the standard way of representing kings, Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III had themselves portrayed as mature, aging men. Perhaps Senusrets finest architectural achievement was the White Chapel. Mark, Joshua J.. "Senusret III." He ruled from 1971 BC to 1926 BC. Amenemhat III was most likely a son of the king. The Egyptians conferred upon him the rare honor of deifying him while he still lived and his cult operated at the same level, and received the same recognition, as any of the great gods of Egypt. Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or Sesostris III) ruled from 1878-1839 BCE and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Harriet is reading a fictional book about the Egyptian pharaoh Senusret I. Several daughters are known, although they also are attested only by the burials around the king's pyramid and their exact relation to the king is disputable. Ancient Egyptian art was functional, not simply aesthetic. [9], His final campaign, which was in his Year 19, was less successful because the king's forces were caught with the Nile being lower than normal and they had to retreat and abandon their campaign in order to avoid being trapped in the hostile Nubian territory. Senusret II built a unique statue shrine of Qasr es-Sagha on the north eastern corner of the region, though it was left undecorated and incomplete. At the opposite, other scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the idea of a dreadful tyrant able to see and hear everything under his strict control. After the breakdown of central authority was complete, two major power centers emerged one was based in the Lower/northern Egyptian city of Heracleopolis while the other was in the Upper/southern Egyptian city of Thebes. About halfway through the dynasty, a particularly able king named Montuhotep II (reigned ca. () As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he is my son born to my Majesty. The Middle Kingdom was the second of the three "Golden Ages" of pharaonic Egypt; it was distinguished by the centralization and expansion of the Egyptian realm, as well as a high artistic standard . I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. 1 reference. This page was last edited on 14 September 2021, at 23:59. The Pharaoh Senusret III was one of the most powerful leaders of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east of the Red Pyramid of Dashur. Sinuhe, (flourished 20th century bce), protagonist of a literary tale set in the early 12th dynasty (1938c. British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right). He rebuilt the important temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis which was the centre of the sun cult. With the southern border secure, Senusret III commissioned a canal enlarged at Sehel to facilitate trade between Nubia and Egypt, which allowed merchants traveling by water to avoid the perils of the Nile rapids at the First Cataract. I have added to what was bequeathed me. Best Answer. He is probably also the best known of the Middle Kingdom pharaohs to the public because of his many naturalistic statues showing a man with often heavy eye-lids and lined continence. He also led expeditions into Palestine and Syria and afterwards increased trade relations with those regions who respected him equally. Wegner interprets this as an implication that Senusret was still alive in the first two decades of his son's reign. Red Granite Offering Table of King Senusret III. Senusret III is depicted in statuary at different stages throughout his life and the realism of the figures is representative of the dominant style of Middle Kingdom art. As ancient Egyptian rulers, pharaohs were both the heads of state and the religious leaders of their people. Military Campaigns. Senusret I established a military garrison on Egypt's southern border and erected a victory stele to commemorate his achievements. He added significantly to the growing Temple of Amun at Karnak, built an elaborate temple to the Theban war god Montu, renovated and expanded upon Abydos, and commissioned a pyramid complex at Dashur. Egypt led by Senusret III is a custom civilization by TopHatPaladin, with contributions from danrell. Explains that every culture has . What was the most important accomplishment of the first pharaoh? These include Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, and Meret. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from Bahr Yussef through to Lake Moeris through the . It is believed that the first canal that linked the Red and Mediterranean seas was built during Senusret IIIs reign and Herodotus also mentions that the king made improvements to the Temple of Ptah in Memphis. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In keeping with tradition, Senusret III commissioned a number of impressive building projects. Sobekemhat was treasurer too and buried at Dahshur. Every Egyptian king yearned to be remembered for eternity and the greatest of all the kings did this by constructing a number of building projects. When Senusret II died, Senusret III came to the throne and decided to remedy the situation. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Amenemhat I encouraged the nomarchs to develop their regions and allowed them significant autonomy in governing. Senusret's pyramid complex was built north-east of the Red Pyramid of Dashur. (29). Old Testament Chronology Chart 1. dadogoga. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. Other sons are not known. There was also a southern temple, however this has since been destroyed. Pharaoh Khufu was known to have established a central authority for a pharaoh. His mother was not a royal wife and is believed to have been a commoner. Because of his deeds of conquest and construction, Senusret III was immortalized in the writings of several Greek historians, ensuring that he would never be forgotten. His policies were followed by his successors and expanded upon by Senusret II. The king's problem with the power of the nomarchs had to do with the central Egyptian cultural value of ma'at (harmony and balance). He carried out at least four major campaigns into Nubia in his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19. The pyramid was built of a core of mud bricks. (State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich, Germany). Senusret III cleared a navigable canal through the first cataract of the Nile River, (this was different from the Canal of the Pharaohs, which apparently, Senusret III also tried to build). Senusret III is the 1,242nd most popular politician (up from 1,314th in 2019). He ruled the country for perhaps as long as 37 years as the 5th pharaoh of Egypt's 12th Dynasty from around 1878 until 1841 BC. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from the Bahr Yusuf through to Lake Moeris by means the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and the addition of a network of drainage canals. [1], As the struggle between the two cities continued, Thebes gradually increased its influence in Upper Egypt under the kings of the dynasty scholars now know as the Eleventh Dynasty. The kings who directly succeeded him maintained his policies, but Amenemhat I (c. 1991-1962 BCE), who founded the 12th Dynasty, moved the capital of Egypt from Thebes to Iti-tawi in Lower Egypt, south of the old capital of Memphis, possibly in an effort to distance himself from the previous dynasty which had united the country by force and suppressed the power of the nomarchs. The pectoral is made of gold with detailed work in cornelian and lapis lazuli. He therefore showed kindnesses to everyone by all means at his disposal, winning over some by presents of money, others by gifts of land, and others by remission of penalties, and the entire people he attached to himself by his friendly intercourse and kindly ways; for he set free unharmed everyone who was held for some crime against the king and cancelled the obligations of those who were in prison for debt, there being a great multitude in the gaols. The tomb of his physician Gua was also found (Info from British Museum). The concept of 'art for art's sake' would have been unimaginable for an ancient Egyptian artist. https://www.worldhistory.org/Senusret_III/. Senusret III: A Pharaoh, A Collector, A Legacy in the Sand. Now my majesty has had an image made of my majesty, at this border which my majesty has made, in order that you maintain it, in order that you fight for it. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. The strategy proved to be both military and economically beneficial for Egypt throughout the Middle Kingdom. After securing the internal sta. Djehutyhotep , Nomarch of the Hare Nome. Karabel Pass, with rock relief seen from the south [2.102] I shall make mention of the king who came after these, whose name was Sesostris. Senusret I is most famous for his military conquests and his building projects. Senusret III (c. 1878-1860 BCE, also known as Senwosret III, Sesostris III) was the 5th king of the 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE). The deep-set, heavy-lidded eyes, the thin lips, and the series of diagonal furrows marking the rather hollow cheeks give representations of this king a brooding expression not usually found on the faces of Egyptian kings, who are generally portrayed with a more youthful countenance. Senusret III is probably the best attested king of the New Kingdom. Herodotus, Diodorus, and Manetho: An Examination of the Influence of Egyptian Historiography on the Classical Historians., How Did the Ancient Egyptian City of Thebes Become Prominent, How Did the Ancient City of Sais Rise to Prominence, How Did Ancient Alexandria Rise to Prominence, How Did the Ancient City of Memphis Rise to Prominence, Why Did Seth Worship Become Popular in Ancient Egypt, How Did the Hyksos Conquer the Egyptian Delta, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_Did_Senusret_III_Influence_Ancient_Egyptian_History&oldid=23104. pharaoh. When viewing the sphinx it is recognizable that it is a king for some of the symbols seen on him. He was also responsible for the construction of a number of forts in Nubia and along the southern border of Egypt, which regulated immigration, monitored, protected, and participated in trade, and served as supply depots for his military campaigns in that country. Scholars in the present day have identified this figure with a number of Egyptian kings such as Senusret I, Senusret II, Ramesses II, and Thutmose III, but Senusret III is always included in the list with distinction as the probable source of the legend. 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land here. Although in official Egyptian inscriptions the Nubians, like all non-Egyptians, are regularly depicted in negative terms, in reality they were an integral aspect of Egyptian life and admired the Egyptian culture. Senusret I Kheperkare (also known as Sesostris I and Senwosret I) was the second pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty ( Middle Kingdom) of Ancient Egypt. Later, during the New Kingdom, Thutmose III, Akhenaten, and Ramesses II earned reputations as conqueror, religious reformer, and monument builder respectively as their deeds are well-documented on several monuments and in extant papyri. Wegner stresses that it is unlikely that Amenemhat III, Senusret's son and successor, would still be working on his father's temple nearly four decades into his own reign. Although this last campaign failed in whatever its objectives were, it was still not a defeat, and so Senusret III's reputation as invincible remained intact. An inscription documenting Senusret IIIs year sixteen campaign demonstrates just how brutal things were: Year 16, third month of the second season, (occurred) his majestys making the southern boundary as far as Heh. The sphinx of Senusret III was found in Karnak, Egypt. He was a great pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty and is considered to be, perhaps, the most powerful Egyptian ruler of the dynasty. [10] A passage from the first century BC Greek historian Diodorus demonstrates this idea: Sesosis, they say, who became king seven generations later, performed more renowned and greater deeds than did any of his predecessors. Although he defeated them numerous times in battle, the Nubians so respected him that he was venerated in their land as a god. He carried out at least four major campaigns into Nubia in his Years 8, 10, 16, and 19. [3] Senusret III demonstrated great patience and martial acumen, moving slowly up the river building forts at choke points along the way instead of leading an all-out blitz into the region. In sharp contrast with the even-exaggerated realism of the head and, regardless of his age, the rest of the body is idealized as forever young and muscular, in the more classical pharaonic fashion. Horkherty was king's acquaintance. The subterranean corridors and chambers of Sensuret III's tomb lie between 80 feet and 100 feet below ground. Among people deceased in 1838 BC, Senusret III ranks 1. Deviating from the standard way of representing kings, Senusret III and his successor Amenemhat III had themselves portrayed as mature, aging men. The military campaigns of Senusret III referred to by the Greeks as Sesostris or Sesoosis are well-documented in both Egyptian and Greek texts and can be further corroborated by archeological evidence. Above this was a third mudbrick vault. He ruled from 1878 BC to 1839 BC during a time of great power and prosperity, and was the fifth king of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Senusret III erected a temple and town in Abydos, and another temple in Medamud. Among his achievements was the building of the Canal of the Pharaohs. Memorability Metrics 360k Page Views (PV) 66.38 Historical Popularity Index (HPI) 43 Languages Editions (L) 8.65 Effective Languages (L*) 2.85 02 Mar 2023. He was a tall man, over six feet in height, always shown with a regal, somber expression. Hatshepsut was the elder of two daughters born to Thutmose I and his queen, Ahmes. He was the fourth pharaoh of the mighty Twelfth Dynasty. About the Author Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin Associate Professor of Neurology and lover of the Cradle of Civilization, Mesopotamia. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Last modified July 26, 2017. Caitlin Barnebee. 2023. Copy. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. [20][21][22] At the opposite, other scholars suggested that the statues originally would convey the idea of a dreadful tyrant able to see and hear everything under his strict control. Probably responding to the growing strength of the native Nubian polities of the region, the king conducted four campaigns in which he quelled the nomads and extended the frontier to the southern end of the Second Nile Cataract. Senusret III clearly established the precedent of Egyptian claims in Nubia that were made by several New Kingdom pharaohs, but some modern scholars believe that he also led at least one military campaign into the Levant/Syria-Palestine. He lived during the reigns of Amenemhat II (1922-1878 BC), Senwosret II (1880-1874 BC) and Senwosret III (1874-1855 BC). The Tomb of Senwosret III at Abydos: Considerations on the Origins and Development of the Royal Amduat Tomb. [3] Senusret III demonstrated great patience and martial acumen, moving slowly up the river building forts at choke points along the way instead of leading an all-out blitz into the region. Senusret's pyramid is 105 meters square and 78 meters high. Here were found the treasures of Sithathor and queen Mereret. His campaigns into Nubia expanded Egypts boundaries, and the fortifications he built along the border fostered lucrative trade. He had many temples, shrines, and religious monuments constructed and improved. The importance of this story goes beyond the structure and writing techniques of the text as it provides insight into the cultural differences between Egypt and the Near East. The pyramid complex at Lahun was built for the cult and burial of king Senusret II, father of Senusret III. The best-known works from his reign are his own statues. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level. Thank you for your help! Wegner stresses that it is unlikely that Amenemhat III, Senusret's son and successor, would still be working on his father's temple nearly four decades into his own reign. From the Old Kingdom onwards, Egyptian kings struggled with this particular cult which, at times, was more powerful than the crown. The stability and affluence which resulted encouraged more people to commission works of art and elaborate tombs and so inspired artists and artisans to greater heights of creativity. it contains only enduring and essential truth. He notes that the only possible explanation for the block's existence at the project is that Senusret III had a 39-year reign, with the final 20 years in coregency with his son Amenemhat III. His patronage of the cult encouraged a harmonious relationship between the king and the priests, which led to greater benefits for both and so for the country at large. Senankh cleared the canal at Sehel for the king. Head of Senusret III with youthful features. [3], Senusret III was the son of Senusret II and Khenemetneferhedjet I, also called Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret (the elder). The pyramid was built of a literary tale set in the Sand over six feet in height, shown. May be a unique identifier stored in a cookie processed may be a unique identifier stored in senusret iii accomplishments cookie another... Of Sithathor and queen Mereret, Egyptian kings struggled with this particular cult,!, however this has since been destroyed was one of the Twelfth Dynasty of the most powerful of. 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