Leaders in the fast-growing fields of sociology and psychology argued that women were less evolved than men and had more in common with children and savages than an adult (white) males (Allen, 2011). Scholars in the fields of psychology, sociology, political science, and communication, for example, have increasingly paid attention to and incorporated social identity theory into their study of everything from how politicians communicate to how people vote to how people interact with other cultures. Trace the historical development and construction of the four cultural identities discussed. will tend to take on characteristics and exhibit behaviors that are consistent with positive attributes associated with that group. Communication objectives are the reasons that a business or individual may choose to interact, or communicate, with customers, employees, coworkers or other businesses and what the business hopes to gain from the exchange. People in the redefinition stage revise negative views of their identity held in the previous stage and begin to acknowledge their privilege and try to use the power they are granted to work for social justice. In some Southern states, Italian immigrants were forced to go to black schools, and it wasnt until 1952 that Asian immigrants were allowed to become citizens of the United States. Many people are beginning to regularly communicate with family and friends over the computer rather than face-to-face. The definition also points out that culture is learned, which accounts for the importance of socializing institutions like family, school, peers, and the media. Qualitative communication is characterized by the treatment of each interactant as unique. Discuss how each of the four cultural identities discussed affects and/or relates to communication. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/census-data-reveals-changed-american-landscape/story?id=13206427, http://www.opm.gov/hrd/lead/policy/divers97.asp#PART%20B, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/19/AR2008011901899_pf.html, Next: 8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Race, gender, sexuality, and ability are cultural identities that affect our communication and our relationships. In 2000, Vermont becomes the first state to offer same-sex couples civil unions. An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. These inequalities in schools correspond to larger inequalities in the general workforce. However, as we will learn later, developing intercultural communication competence can help us gain new perspectives, become more mindful of our communication, and intervene in some of these negative cycles. Although some of the leaders of the early womens rights movement had class and education privilege, they were still taking a risk by organizing and protesting. Relationship termination Generally, immigrant groups who were white, or light skinned, and spoke English were better able to assimilate, or melt into the melting pot. Our identities make up an important part of our self-concept and can be broken down into three main categories: personal, social, and cultural identities (see Table 8.1 Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities). For example, a person may be attracted to men, women, both or neither. There have been challenges to the construction of gender in recent decades. Whether youve experienced a short-term disability or not, the majority of us will become less physically and cognitively able as we get older. a. Physiological noise. Feminism as an intellectual and social movement advanced womens rights and our overall understanding of gender. These differences are not natural, which can be seen as we unpack how various identities have changed over time in the next section. A meta-analysis of nearly 150 studies and over 300,000 participants found that socially connected people While the category of Asian Americans can be useful when discussing broad trends, it can also generalize among groups, which can lead to stereotypes. The prisoners are forced to wear pink triangles on their uniforms. The terms colored and Negro are no longer considered appropriate because they were commonly used during a time when black people were blatantly discriminated against. This becomes problematic when we realize that standard English refers to a way of speaking English that is based on white, middle-class ideals that do not match up with the experiences of many. Perhaps you broke your leg and had to use crutches or a wheelchair for a while. This study builds on earlier works focused on ingroup-outgroup dynamics and the process of social categorization in intergroup behavior. Table 3.2 Developments Related to Sexuality, Identity, and Communication traces some of the developments relevant to sexuality, identity, and communication that show how this cultural identity has been constructed over the past 3,000 years. 25. Dont be embarrassed if you happen to use accepted, common expressions such as See you later or Did you hear about that? that seem to relate to a persons disability. a. If so, what did you learn or take away from the training? In the passive acceptance stage, we must be cautious not to blame individuals with dominant identities for internalizing racist, sexist, or heterosexist norms. The socializing institutions we discussed earlier (family, peers, media, religion, and education) often make oppression seem normal and natural. If someone is biracial or multiracial, they may change their racial identification as they engage in an identity search. Doctors treat homosexuality with castration, electro-shock therapy, and incarceration in mental hospitals. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. This movement includes people who are hearing impaired and believe that their use of a specific language, American Sign Language (ASL), and other cultural practices constitutes a unique culture, which they symbolize by capitalizing the D in Deaf (Allen, 2011). If she studies abroad in Africa her junior year, she may be ascribed an identity of American by her new African friends rather than African American. Cultural identities are components of self based on socially constructed categories that teach us a way of being and include expectations for our thoughts and behaviors. Its important to remember that there are many ways to be a feminist and to realize that some of the stereotypes about feminism are rooted in sexism and homophobia, in that feminists are reduced to men haters and often presumed to be lesbians. To put this into perspective, the National Committee on Pay Equity started an event called Equal Pay Day. All of these are discussed in the chapter. Interracial communication presents some additional verbal challenges. Although they may be aware of differencesfor example, between races and gendersthey either dont realize there is a hierarchy that treats some people differently than others or they dont think the hierarchy applies to them. Notably, within the field of communication, the value of social identity theory rests with its ability to explain or predict messaging and response behaviors when a particular group identity is made salient. Given the obvious import and relevance of these dynamics to various aspects of society, research on social identity theory has grown exponentially over the past several decades, especially within the social sciences. The term transgender is the term that the present trans community uses and identifies with. A current interest in online video games may give way to an interest in graphic design. Many organizations are striving to comply with changing laws by implementing policies aimed at creating equal access and opportunity. Tajfel and Turner 1979, for example, establishes that individual identity is significantly shaped by group identity through a process of social categorization, social identification, and social comparisons. While both are important, it is often the differences that are highlighted and that contribute to communication troubles. Personal identities are components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connect to our individual interests and life experiences. True For example, we may derive aspects of our social identity from our family or from a community of fans for a sports team. We must also remember that people have multiple identities that intersect with each other. Individuals may attempt to assimilate into the dominant culture by changing their appearance, their mannerisms, the way they talk, or even their name. In any case, a competent communicator defers to and respects the preference of the individual. We can get a better understanding of current cultural identities by unpacking how they came to be. Its important to remember that these distinctions are being made at the societal level, not the individual level. c. Talking to just one friend on the telephone. b. Any of these identity types can be ascribed or avowed. Detail-oriented professional with a . Two related but distinct components of our identities are our personal and social identities (Spreckels, J. Define the social constructionist view of culture and identity. Communicators who strive to acquire a large number of "friends" on social networking websites are engaging in superficial, impersonal relationships. It is not possible to have too many interpersonal relationships. Identity has a tremendous impact on the communication process in a number of ways. Learning about difference and why it matters will help us be more competent communicators. As a sign of integration, some may join an organization like PFLAG (Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays), where they can be around others who share their dominant identity as heterosexuals but also empathize with their loved ones. Gender as a cultural identity has implications for many aspects of our lives, including real-world contexts like education and work. & Kotthoff, H., 2009). Martin, J. N., and Thomas K. Nakayama, Intercultural Communication in Contexts, 5th ed. What movements in the late 180018001800s addressed urban problems? When meeting a person who is visually impaired, always identify yourself and others who may be with you. Press. When we create a standard for English, we can label anything that deviates from that nonstandard English. Differences between standard English and what has been called Black English have gotten national attention through debates about whether or not instruction in classrooms should accommodate students who do not speak standard English. Since we are often a part of them since birth, cultural identities are the least changeable of the three. Interpersonal relationships are critical in the accomplishment of even the most mundane of activities. While race and gender are two of the first things we notice about others, sexuality is often something we view as personal and private. Sumner, W.G. 1906. Words that make perfect sense to you can be interpreted in entirely different ways by others. Racial categories included white, black, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian. Sexual orientation didnt come into being as an identity category until the late 1800s. There was a movement in the 1960s to reclaim the word black, and the slogan black is beautiful was commonly used. (Shaking hands with the left hand is an acceptable greeting.). When I teach courses about gender, I often ask my students to raise their hand if they consider themselves feminists. Social identity theory has its roots in earlier scholarship in social psychology, which focused on the origins and nature of intergroup conflict. Notably, intergroup contact theory is introduced here, which explores how hostile groups can improve relations via communication. The specic processes described in most of this research are culturally limited. I. Interpersonal communication is the complex process through which people express, interpret, and coordinate messages in order to create shared meaning, meet social goals, manage personal identity, and carry out their relationships. As we will discuss later, privilege and disadvantage, like similarity and difference, are not all or nothing. No two people are completely different or completely similar, and no one person is completely privileged or completely disadvantaged. Specifically, individuals will seek to protect or enhance a particular group identity (through words or actions) when they perceive it to be threatened or they sense an opportunity to promote or enhance it. The rarity of personal relationships is not necessarily unfortunate. The focus on appearance for girls can lead to anxieties about body image. This signifies that for a woman to earn the same amount of money a man earned in a year, she would have to work more than three months extra, until April 11, to make up for the difference (National Committee on Pay Equity, 2011). Moises, a Chicano man interviewed in a research project about identities, narrated how he changed his Mexican sounding name to Moses, which was easier for his middle-school classmates and teachers to say (Jones Jr., 2009). c. Career advancement In the acceptance stage, a person with a dominant identity passively or actively accepts that some people are treated differently than others but doesnt do anything internally or externally to address it. Medical advances have allowed some people with disabilities to live longer and more active lives than before, which has led to an increase in the number of people with disabilities. Thus, social identity theory is a robust theoretical framework that, in recent years, has had broad appeal and application across a number of academic disciplines. For example, MC Frontalot, a leader in the nerdcore hip-hop movement, says that being branded a nerd in school was terrible, but now he raps about nerdy things like blogs to sold-out crowds (Shipman, 2007). The main nondominant groups must face various forms of institutionalized discrimination, including racism, sexism, heterosexism, and ableism. Ask yourself the question Who am I? Recall from our earlier discussion of self-concept that we develop a sense of who we are based on what is reflected back on us from other people. Although many people hold a view that a persons sexuality should be kept private, this isnt a reality for our society. b. While it is true that there are biological differences between who we label male and female, the meaning our society places on those differences is what actually matters in our day-to-day lives. Were there any stereotypes involved? Effective Interpersonal Communication is strongly linked to good health, social happiness and career success. Education plays an important role in language acquisition, and class relates to access to education. Also emphasizes a negative reciprocity between ingroup and outgroup attitudesspecifically, ingroup cohesion and loyalty is largely derived from hostility toward outgroups. One is due to uncertainty about language use. The Greeks make connections between biology, physiology, and actions. Our identities make up an important part of our self-concept and can be broken down into three main categories: personal, social, and cultural identities (see Table 8.1 "Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities" ). This seminal study is credited with having created the field of social identity theory. The term Hispanic also highlights the colonizers influence over the indigenous, which erases a history that is important to many. Social Identifications: A social psychology of intergroup relations and group processes. Although not always intentional, schools tend to recreate the hierarchies and inequalities that exist in society. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. Age Identity and Communication Conict and Cooperation across the Life-Span). The history of immigration in the United States also ties to the way that race has been constructed. Tajfel, H., and J.C. Turner. Communicators who strive to acquire a large number of "friends" on social networking websites are engaging in superficial, impersonal relationships. This backlash has led to a revived movement to make English the official language of the United States. I specialise in access management related issues, interested in digitization and communication and love to read and impact the world around me, one step at a time. Gender inequalities are also evident in the administrative structure of schools, which puts males in positions of authority more than females. How we communicate, as well as how our communication is received by others, can be shaped by our identities and the identities of others. In cases like this, what is really being tested is: This example shows how even national identity fluctuates. During the eugenics movement in the United States, more than sixty thousand people in thirty-three states were involuntarily sterilized (Allen, 2011). The eugenics movement in the United States begins. With these suggestions in mind, the increasingly common real-world event of diversity training is more likely to succeed. Many companies conduct mandatory diversity training based on a belief that they will be in a better position in court if a lawsuit is brought against them. Getting others to behave in ways that we want is considered what type of goal? Cullen, L. T., Employee Diversity Training Doesnt Work, Time, April 26, 2007, accessed October 5, 2011, http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1615183,00.html. If you are unsure of which pronouns to use when addressing someone, you can use gender-neutral language or you can use the pronoun that matches with how they are presenting. While Hispanic is used by the US Census, it refers primarily to people of Spanish origin, which doesnt account for the diversity of background of many Latinos/as. Communication in the Real World by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Occupation and sexual orientation are types of co-cultures. d. Instrumental goals. Additionally, legal and social changes have created a more open environment for sexual minorities and people with disabilities. While females make up 75 percent of the educational workforce, only 22 percent of superintendents and 8 percent of high school principals are women. Have you ever participated in any diversity training? The essential way to live in societies and to maintain one's culture is to communicate. There are two important parts of this definition to unpack. Identities emerge when messages are exchanged between persons; they are negotiated, co-created, reinforced, and challenged through communication. These individuals may begin to disassociate with their own dominant group because they feel like a curtain has been opened and their awareness of the inequality makes it difficult for them to interact with others in their dominant group. How do you see sexuality connect to identity in the media? Personal identities include the components of self that are primarily intrapersonal and connected to our life experiences. Although most womens rights movements have been led by white, middle-class women, there was overlap between those involved in the abolitionist movement to end slavery and the beginnings of the womens rights movement. During the early part of the 1900s, the eugenics movement was the epitome of the move to rehabilitate or reject people with disabilities (Allen, 2005). Language serves as a means of communication and a way to transmit cultural knowledge from one generation .
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