A top name in social psychology, Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, and earned his bachelor of arts at the University of British Columbia in 1949. Seligman, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2004, July, 5(1): 131. Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. Its focus is the function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in activities (e.g., thinking, learning, feeling, sensing, and perceiving) recognized as characteristic of humans and other animals. Martin Seligman. The author or co-author of numerous highly cited peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as two books, Shepard is a Member or Fellow of the National Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), and the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Aronsons is one of the most famous names in the discipline of social psychology, due in no small part to his best-selling survey of the entire field, entitled The Social Animal, first published in 1972. Key People: William McDougall Alexander Bain James Ward George Trumbull Ladd Related Topics: human behaviour physiology behaviour biological psychology, also called physiological psychology or behavioral neuroscience, the study of the physiological bases of behaviour. It should also be noted that philosopher Hannah Arendts thesis of the banality of evil[14] and psychologist Stanley Milgrams experiments on obedience to authority[15] both corroborate Zimbardos results. Thus, he has situated himself at a point of intersection among the social, cognitive, personality, and clinical sub-fields of psychology. The list comprises individuals in approximately equal numbers from each of the five following sub-disciplines: The overall list is in alphabetical order. Blooms early work was primarily in language acquisition-the process by which infants and toddlers come to acquire the ability to understand and produce human speech. Similarly, evolutionary theory suggests that our personality comes from an environment that favors certain traits over time. His dissertation, written under the supervision of Roger N. Shepard, was titled Evolution of the Human Brain through Runaway Sexual Selection. . Becks work has centered on the diagnosis and treatment of depression, anxiety, and phobia disorders. It is the original psychodynamic theory and inspired psychologists such as Jung and Erikson to develop their own psychodynamic theories. She received her bachelors degree in social relations in 1971 from Radcliffe College (where she worked with Jerome Kagan), and her Ph.D. in psychology in 1978 from Cornell University (where she studied under Eleanor Gibson). This claim flies in the face of the deeply entrenched relativism within the field of cultural anthropology. Hippocrates- Humorism 460 BC - 370 BC Famous Biological Psychologists Show full text He is currently Emeritus Professor in the Department of Psychology of the University of Toronto, as well as Tanenbaum Chair in Cognitive Neuroscience at the Rotman Research Institute of the Baycrest Health Sciences Centre in Toronto and Clark Way Distinguished Visiting Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience at Washington University in St. Louis. Albert Bandura | Social Psychology Bandura was born in Mundare, Alberta, Canada, in 1925. She earned her bachelors degree in psychology in 1968 from Loyola University Chicago, and her Ph.D. in social and experimental personality psychology in 1971 from the same university. Like other forms of Darwinian theorizing about human before, evolutionary psychology continues to be hotly debated; however, the appeal of Busss and similar work for the educated public is undeniable. Eleanor Rosch, Principles of Categorization [PDF], in Eleanor Rosch and Barbara B. Lloyd, eds., Cognition and Categorization. Note that the evolutionary psychologist Geoffrey F. Miller should not be confused with either the NYU Law Professor Geoffrey P. Miller or the bioethicist and Yale Professor Emeritus of Pediatric Neurology, GeoffreyMiller. Working together with co-author Christopher Peterson, Seligman developed a taxonomy of character strengths and virtues that he published in 2004 in a book of that name. 2748. Gilligan is the author or co-author or some 100 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of nine academic books, as well as a novel. In 2016, the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) bestowed upon him its prestigious Atkinson Prize. There is little that modern psychology can teach us about the deepest wellsprings of the human heart-or, to put it more scientifically, o the nature and causes of human motivation and actionthat has not already been far better expressed by the poets, playwrights, and novelists down through the ages. The implications of her research for eyewitness testimonyupon which our entire criminal justice system is basedare obvious and troubling. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1978; pp. He opened the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. More specific projects that have grown out of this overriding interest include the exploration of moral judgments in babies, of the role that anger, disgust, and empathy play in the moral lives of adults, of our commonsense understanding of ourselves as possessing free will, of the nature of pleasure (especially, the pleasure we derive from fiction), of the psychology of religious belief and atheism, and of our commonsense feeling that our self, or soul, is separate from our body. Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. Pergaments field of specialization has been the role of religious belief in psychological health and coping with stress. He is currently Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Freiburg. A Class Divided Study Conducted By: Jane Elliott. Schrgers work carries on the great tradition of what used to be called psychophysics, which was in fact the beginning of the science of psychology as an intellectual discipline distinct from philosophy and the moral sciences (as work in what we would now call the social sciences used to termed) in the nineteenth century. Bandura is the author or co-author of around 350 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. He received his bachelors degree in philosophy in 1985 from Yale University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1992 from the University of Pennsylvania. (OKeeffe went on to win the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his contribution to this research.) They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 3: Loss: Sadness and Depression. Training for most of these positions requires a doctorate. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38, 168-172. The indefatigable author or co-author of over 600 peer-reviewed articles and the author, co-author, or editor of some two dozen technical books, Beck is one of the most highly esteemed and influential psychiatrists of the twentieth century. Ekmans field of expertise is nonverbal communication in humans, especially the communication of emotions through facial expressions. In this method a chemical receptor antagonist induces neural activity by interfering with neurotransmission. Gardner is a developmental psychologist who has primarily focused on child development and the psychology of education. He is the recipient of far too many grants, awards, prizes, honorary degrees, consultancies, and editorships to mention here. Finally, Rosch also did highly influential theoretical work that sought to clarify the very idea of categorization at a philosophical level. In particular, Gilberts empirical studies reliably show that the acquisition of wealth beyond a certain minimum makes no additional contribution to happiness. He is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business. . With time, however, Bandura increasingly abandoned external-force theories of learning and behavior in favor of an internal, self-organizing model which viewed the human being as possessed of genuine agency. London: Hogarth Press, 1980. Diener, who has a very high citation h-index score of 102, has published more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. ". Mischel was born in Vienna, Austria, in 1930. When you realize there is nothing lacking the whole world belongs to . In spite of the popularity of this influential idea, however, Seligmans reputation today rests equally or more on his work on the wellsprings of resilience in human characterthe personality traits that make for what he terms authentic happiness. It was only after these experiences that he decided to pursue his higher education in psychology, as already outlined above. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). He also received his Ph.D. from Penn, in 1983. Each of these maintained, but for different reasons, that human "intelligence" (a faculty of the mind or soul) could not be identified with, or explained in terms of, his physical body. The socio-cultural psychology examines the influences of social and cultural environments on behavior. The major theorists associated with biological psychology are Rene Descartes, Thomas Willis and Luigi Galvani. 2: Separation: Anxiety and Anger. Trust Monday to help you streamline your schoolwork and enhance the quality of . Berridge was born in 1957. Schizophrenia, a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a mental illness characterized by impairments in the perception or expression of reality, most commonly manifesting as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions or disorganized speech and thinking in the context of significant social or occupational dysfunction. He argues that flow-generating tasks are ones that people experience as rewarding for their own sake, as opposed to merely instrumental to some end. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1971 from Tel Aviv University, and his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology in 1991 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This is the measurement of the electrical activity of one neuron, often in the context of an ongoing behavioral (psychological) task. Bandura began teaching at Stanford in 1953. With time, however, Blooms work has become increasingly ambitious, crossing over into the territory of philosophy. The third grade teacher developed an exercise, or better yet, a psychological experiment, to help her Caucasian students understand the . She received her bachelors degree in sociology and comparative literature from Brandeis University, and her Ph.D. in social psychology in 1971 from the University of Michigan. Kahneman and Tversky made a special study of the irrational bias they called loss aversion-the common feeling that it is better to avoid losing something than it is to gain the same thing. According to the theory, many common IQ tests themselves fail to distinguish adequately between linguistic intelligence (verbal fluency), logico-mathematical intelligence (numeracy), and spatial intelligence (the ability to manipulate 2- and 3-D shapes), while several other types of intelligence are not measured at all by standard tests, including kinesthetic intelligence (athletic ability), interpersonal intelligence (social/emotional skill), intrapersonal intelligence (self-knowledge), and aesthetic intelligence (artistic/musical ability). He then makes the more controversial claim that emotional intelligence-the ability to understand ones own and other peoples emotional states in any given situationis equally if not more important than IQ as a predictor of success and happiness, not only in ones interpersonal relations, but also in academic and professional contexts. He emigrated to the US in 1956, at the age of 22. Following a one-year internship at the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute, a teaching hospital which is part of the Department of Psychiatry of the University of California, San Francisco, Ekman obtained his Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Adelphi University in 1958. Other topics he has studied over the years include the influence of families and schools on child development, reading disorders, and the comparative importance of genetic and environmental factors on normal and pathological development. A biological psychologist performs several responsibilities in their job role, including: Conducting research studies on human sensory processes. This allies biological psychology closely with comparative psychology, evolutionary psychology, and evolutionary biology. Linehan has written that her Catholic faith played an important role in her own eventual recovery. This is a classic method in which neural activity is enhanced by application of a small electrical current (too small to cause significant cell death). The problem consists both in teasing these contributions apart, and also in giving them a more specific theoretical characterization. He eventually published an elegant theory employing simple Bayesian principles, which proved to be one of his most influential papers. The current scope of biological psychology includes the following themes: Evolution of brain and behavior; development of the nervous system and behavior over the life span; psychopharmacology; sensory and perceptual processes; control and coordination of movement and actions; control of behavioral states (motivation), including sex and reproductive behavior, and regulation of internal states; biological rhythms and sleep; emotions and mental disorders; neural mechanisms of learning and memory, language and cognition; and recovery of function after damage to the nervous system. Csikszentmihlyi popularized this idea in his 1990 best-seller, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Andrew N. Meltzoff and M. Keith Moore, Imitation of Facial and Manual Gestures by Human Neonates [PDF], Science, 1977, 198: 7578. He is currently Professor of Psychology at Duke University and Co-Director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. All of this work is highly controversial, both inside the academy and out. Temporary lesions may be employed when neural tissue is temporarily disabled by cooling or by the use of anesthetics such as tetrodotoxin. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, he worked closely with neuroscientist John OKeeffe, whom he had known in graduate school and who was then based at University College London, on the role of the hippocampus in memory formation. In the Shepard tone phenomenon, a sound is created by superposing sine waves an octave apart, which, when played with the bass pitch moving upward or downward, is referred to as the Shepard scale. He also found that, while cognitive development is of course dependent upon many important factors in the childs environment, it is nevertheless quite robust in the sense that early delays may be reliably compensated for later once the environment impediments to normal development are removed. After the war, he completed his secondary education in York, back in the UK. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In particular, he analyzes the many ways in which human beings are prone to cognitive illusions, and how such mistakes affect our lives. Schrger is the author or co-author of more than 275 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and he is the author, co-author, or editor of 21 books and special editions of journals. The experiment was run on large numbers of children who were then followed longitudinally, so that it became possible to correlate test results with various academic and life outcomes over time. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. He currently holds the Job and Gertrud Tamaki Endowed Chair at the University of Washington, where he is also Professor of Psychology and Co-Director of the universitys Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. Finally, in recent years Diener has begun to explore some of the implications of his findings for politics and public policy, notably in a widely read paper he co-wrote with Martin Seligman (see below), Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being.[3]. Tulving is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the US National Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Society of London (FRS). 250 (1990), pp223-8. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. ), a physician who in The Canon of Medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. In the dualism of French philosopher Ren Descartes, both the mind and the soul are spiritual entities existing separately from the mechanical operations of the human body. His main conclusions center around the importance of the social environment for the successful enculturation of the growing child, which in turn is crucial to the childs success and happiness in life. He is currently the John H. and Elisabeth A. Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education at Harvard University. Among other things, he has co-founded the Heterodox Academy to further that end. Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1943. The spiritualist and the associationist must both be "cerebralists," to the extent at least of admitting that certain peculiarities in the way of working of their own favorite principles are explicable only by the fact that the brain laws are a codeterminant of their result. Omissions? This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. Experiment Details: Jane Elliott's famous experiment was inspired by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the inspirational life that he led. Psychology is the science of mind, but in any real sense a mind cannot exist without a body in which to reside. Biological psychology is concerned primarily with the relationship between psychological processes and the underlying physiological eventsor, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. Many of his books have appeared in multiple foreign editions, including one (Authentic Happiness) in more than 40 languages! Kurzbans own work has been very wide-ranging, drawing on insights from social psychology, cognitive psychology, and experimental economics, in addition to evolutionary theory. He then received his doctorate in 1991 and his Habilitation in 1996, both in psychology and both from Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt. His work has consisted principally of large-scale empirical studies, based on both original field research (questionnaires) and meta-studies of the developmental psychology literature. The functional roles of the simpler operations can then be more easily studied individually using the techniques already mentioned. Monitor on Psychology, 33 (7), p.29. Darwin was the father of evolutionary psychology. Using these and other techniques, Schmid Masts most recent work has been focused on such phenomena as the way in which self-perception, physiological arousal, and perceived competence or persuasiveness all interact in a social evaluation situation, both in simulated self-preservation tasks, such as a job interview, and in real-life situations. Wilhelm Wundt. For the purposes of this article, we have excluded persons whose primary academic affiliation lies in a philosophy department, or in one of the other humanities, or in some other social science. Busss particular contribution to this discourse has been a theory of sexual competition and selection to explain well-known features of human sexuality. He is currently Johnstone Family Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. His doctoral dissertation on the subject of language acquisition was supervised by Susan Carey. Meltzoff is the author or co-author of more than 150 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, and has co-authored or edited four books, including three in collaboration with Alison Gopnik (see above). L. "The mental life of the monkey. In addition, Berridges works addresses still more complex issues, such as the neural basis of learning, the causes of addiction, the neurobiological relation between desire and fear, and the neurobiological relation between consciousness and emotion (can there be unconscious emotions?). He is currently Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University. Biological psychology has continually been involved in studying the physical basis for the reception of internal and external stimuli by the nervous system, particularly the visual and auditory systems. Sigmund Freud - Freud is perhaps the most well-known psychologist in history. He returned to England with his family at an early age. In a nutshell, he believes that while traditional IQ tests are a good measure of book smarts-and thus are a fairly reliable predictor of success in an academic environmentoverall human intelligence is far broader than what IQ test measure. Ariely and other behavioral economists (see Daniel Kahneman, below) replace this vastly over-simplified presupposition with a more realistic analysis of human motivation that takes into account many more factors that go into making real-world decisions. The study of the mind-body (or mind-brain) connection goes back to the world's early philosophers, from Plato to Descartes. Simply put, affective forecasting is the calculation we all make all the time, consciously or subconsciously, when faced with any decision-generally speaking, we choose the option or the course of action that we believe will lead to the greatest increase in our overall happiness. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of more than a dozen books. By explaining her findings regarding the ease with which false memories can be implanted in peoples mindsand childrens most of allby authority figures, Loftus played a key role in securing justice for those wrongfully accused in such cases, and in bringing this troubling episode of mass hysteria to a close. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. However, she ended up taking a license (bachelors degree) in psychology from that university in 1996, and a doctorate-also in psychology and also from the University of Zurichin 2000. In later years, Gardner began exploring the implications of the theory of multiple intelligences for other areas, such as business school training. 2. She has also used the results of such studies to evaluate the likelihood of stereotype threat (negative self-perceptions based on gender stereotypes) impacting women in social interactions. See behavioral science. Having been taken up by scholars of so many diverse scientific and philosophical perspectives, Roschs own work is difficult to categorize in a definitive fashion. Nor has it hurt that he is a well-known atheist activist, or that many of his books contain a subtext of secularist evangelism, weaving themes from evolutionary psychology throughout (see the entry for David M. Buss, above). Psychophysics (or experimental psychology) was pioneered by German scientists such as Gustav Fechner (18011887), Hermann von Helmholtz (1821--1894), and Wilhelm Wundt (1832--1920). From her right flank, as it were, some critics have claimed that her work lacks sufficient empirical support; while from her left flank, she has been charged with essentialism and giving aid and comfort to the patriarchy. In other work, Zimbardo has explored related themes regarding the social roots of individual pathology in such areas as shyness and post-traumatic stress disorder. Tavris was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1944. Rosenzweig, and N.V. Watson. 23. He is also the author, co-author, or editor of some dozen books. Bloom was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1963. [6] Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self-awareness, and to distinguish this from the brain, which was the seat of intelligence. For example, he has proposed an encoding specificity principle, which states that the retrieval cue involved in recall of an episodic memory must have at least a partial informational overlap with the memory to be retrieved. With the help of AcademicInfluence.com to get a base list of influencers, we have created the list below. The question then, is how do these separate and entirely different aspects of living beings, the mind and the body, relate? He did not deny the reality of a fundamental underlying personality altogether, but claimed that its expression is highly complex, and best characterized in terms of contextualized, conditional (if-then) patterns of behavior. In the last two centuries, biopsychology has found new ways to answer old questions, has tackled important new questions, and has abandoned some problems as poorly defined. In a nutshell, Gergen imported into social psychology the doctrine of social constructivism, which originated in such fields as linguistics (Edward Sapir, Benjamin Whorf), sociology (Alfred Schtz, Peter Berger), anthropology (Franz Boas, Alfred Kroeber, Clifford Geertz), and philosophy (Thomas Kuhn, Nelson Goodman, Michel Foucault). Discover schools with the programs and courses youre interested in, and start learning today. ( Culture refers to the shared knowledge . The focus of Tulvings research has been the human memory system. Antagonists can be delivered systemically (such as by intravenous injection) or locally (intracebrally) during a surgical procedure. [11] Using these two foundational principles in an argument, one may deduce that the task of categorization systems is fulfilled (maximum information is obtained with least cognitive effort) if mental categories map the perceived world structure as closely as possible.
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