The entries were probably made in the 1850s or 1860s as a result of new regulations on the keeping of civil records. This book appears to be a register of families for the Jewish community of Dej. On the other hand, they favored the migration in Bukovina of Romanians from Transylvania and Maramure, as well as Ukrainians from Galicia. The Romanian minority of Ukraine also claims to represent a 500,000-strong community. It is not entirely clear where the book was stored, though it eventually ended up with the Cluj Orthodox community. In the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, writes the events of year 1342, that the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked the Old Romans and the New Romans to fight the Tatars, by that they will earn a sit in Maramure. In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand created a plan (that never came to pass) of United States of Greater Austria. Searching for Austria records? In 1302, it was passed to the Halych metropoly. The Moldavian state was formed by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea. The records from these areas have different formats and scripts. This register records births for Jews living in and around Turda. [12][13] And later by the 5th and 6th Century Slavic people appeared in the region. The comments added to the birth entries all date from this time and the first deaths entered are from 1886 (no year is provided for later deaths but they are probably also from 1886). The register was kept relatively thoroughly with all data completed clearly in most instances. 7 [Timioara-Fabric, nr. [1] [2] [3] The region is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided between Romania and Ukraine . Online Genealogy Records These are genealogy links to Ukraine online databases and indexes that may include birth records, marriage records, death records, biographies, cemeteries, censuses, histories, immigration records, land records, military records, newspapers, obituaries, or probate records. [56] Subsequent Austrian censuses between 1880 and 1910 reveal a Romanian population stabilizing around 33% and a Ukrainian population around 40%. The town of Suceava (German and Polish: Suczawa), the largest in southern Bukovina, The Administrative Palace in Suceava (German and Polish: Suczawa), Cmpulung Moldovenesc (German: Kimpolung), Sltioara secular forest, UNESCO World Heritage Site, Vorone Monastery, UNESCO World Heritage site, Medieval Putna Monastery in Putna, Suceava County, The German House in Chernivtsi (Romanian: Cernui, German: Czernowitz), Residence of Bukovinian and Dalmatian Metropolitans, UNESCO World Heritage site, Crlibaba (German: Mariensee/Ludwigsdorf), The Polish basilica in Cacica (Polish: Kaczyka), The Roman Catholic church of the Bukovina Germans in Putna, Soloneu Nou (Polish: Nowy Sooniec) village, Mnstirea Humorului (German: Humora Kloster), Mocnia-Huulca-Moldovia narrow-gauge steam train in Suceava County, Media related to Bukovina at Wikimedia Commons, Romanian Wikisource has original text related to this article: La Bucovina (Mihai Eminescu original poem in Romanian). Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky himself led a campaign in Moldavia, whose result was an alliance between Khmelnytsky and its hospodar Vasile Lupu. Name; date; gender; parents; marital status of parents; parent residence; midwife name; circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents are provided. [23], Based on the above anthropological estimate for 1774 as well as subsequent official censuses, the ethnic composition of Bukovina changed in the years after 1775 when the Austrian Empire occupied the region. 15 West 16th Street Please note that though the book is catalogued under Bdeti, it appears that many or even most of the births are from the neighboring village of Bora (Kolozsborsa in Hungarian, not to be confused with the small town of Bora in Maramure). [18], In the 16th and 17th centuries, Ukrainian warriors (Cossacks) were involved in many conflicts against the Turkish and Tatar invaders of the Moldavian territory. From 1774 to 1910, the percentage of Ukrainians increased, meanwhile the one of Romanians decreased. [citation needed]. Upon its foundation, the Moldovan state recognized the supremacy of Poland, keeping on recognizing it from 1387 to 1497. This register records births for the Status Quo Ante Jewish community of Cluj. Many rebels died in the Rohatyn Battle, with Mukha and the survivors fleeing back to Moldavia. Nazi Germany, which was surprised by the Soviet claim to Bukovina,[citation needed] invoked the German ethnics living in the region. 4). [5] The region was temporarily recovered by Romania as an ally of Nazi Germany after the latter invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, but retaken by the Soviet army in 1944. Alexianu was replaced by Gheorghe Flondor on 1 February 1939. Suceava, 1999. According to estimates and censuses data, the population of Bukovina was: The present demographic situation in Bukovina hardly resembles that of the Austrian Empire. The headings and entries are in Hungarian. This book is an alphabetic index of names found in the birth record book for the town of Timioara, Fabric quarter, from 1870-1895. This landing page is a guide to Austrian ancestry, family history, and genealogy: birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, family history, etc. 159,486 spoke German; 297,798 Ukrainian, 229,018 Romanian; 37,202 other languages. FEEFHS: Ukraine. Julie Dawsonjbat [at] lbi.org Meanwhile, always according to Nistor, about 8,000 (10%) were Ruthenians, and 3,000 (4%) other ethnic groups. 92/13. Birth place and dates of the parents is seldom indicated but children data is almost always completed. The register was kept quite thoroughly with all data completed clearly in most instances but was severely damaged over time. There is one piece of correspondence about a conversion in 1943. The headings and entries are in Hungarian. This was partly achieved only as late as on the eve of World War I. At the same time, Cernui, the third most populous town in Romania (after Bucharest and Chiinu), which had been a mere county seat for the last 20 years, became again a (regional) capital. Mother came with 6 children in . [6][7][8], The name first appears in a document issued by the Voivode of Moldavia Roman I Muat on 30 March 1392, by which he gives to Iona Viteazul three villages, located near the Siret river.[9]. 1775-1867, 1868-1918, Austrian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Death records, Dej, Transylvania, Tags: The new Soviet-Romanian border was traced less than 20 kilometres (12 miles) north of Putna Monastery. 20 de ani n Siberia. The name and date of birth are provided as well as names of parents, godparents, and midwife. 1868-1918, 1919-1945, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Cluj, Interwar Romania, Transylvania, Tags: This register records births, marriages, and deaths for the Jewish community of the village of Aghireu, or Egeres in Hungarian, the name it was known by at the time of recording. Officially started in 1848, the nationalist movement gained strength in 1869, when the Ruska Besida Society was founded in Chernivtsi. The headings and entries are in Hungarian and the information was, in general, entered chronologically, beginning in 1887 and ending in 1888, with one entry from 1875 made after the fact. [37] In the northern part of the region, however, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, with Ukrainians significantly outnumbering Romanians. This register records births for the Orthodox Jewish community of Cluj. Today, the historically Ukrainian northern part is the nucleus of the Ukrainian Chernivtsi Oblast, while the southern part is part of Romania, though there are minorities of Ukrainians and Romanians in Romanian Bukovina and Ukrainian Bukovina respectively. Meanwhile, many nomads crossed the region (3rd to 9th century A.D). [31] The Russian were driven out in 1917. [9] The population of Bukovina increased steadily, primarily through immigration, which Austrian authorities encouraged in order to develop the economy. The headings and entries are in Hungarian. Bukovina Cemeteries, Archives and Oral History. After 1944, the human and economic connections between the northern (Soviet) and southern (Romanian) parts of Bukovina were severed. The vast majority of the entries from the first set are for residents of Urior (Hung: Alr), a few other nearby villages are also mentioned. Philippe Henri Blasen: Suceava Region, Upper Land, Greater Bukovina or just Bukovina? The territory of Romanian (or Southern) Bukovina is located in northeastern Romania and it is part of the Suceava County (plus three localities in Botoani County), whereas Ukrainian (or Northern) Bukovina is located in western Ukraine and it is part of the Chernivtsi Oblast. 1883-1904 no births recorded; only four recorded from 1916-1931) and generally lack comprehensive data. Vlachs, Saxons and Hungarians. In 1907, the population, there were 730,195 inhabitants; 110,483 Catholic, 500,262 Orthodox, 96,150 Jews, and 23,300 other religions. [70][full citation needed] The Ukrainian descendants of the Zaporozhian Cossacks who fled Russian rule in the 18th century, living in the Dobruja region of the Danube Delta, also complained similar practices. The book is arranged by year beginning with 1850 but the first birth recorded is in 1857. A few notes are in Hungarian but for the most part the text consists exclusively of names. Drago Tochi. [citation needed] According to Romanian historiography, popular enthusiasm swept the whole region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress. The entries are not chronological and it is not clear when the book was started, probably in the 1880s. Entries record the names of the child and parents, often including mother's maiden name; the birth date and place; gender; whether the birth was legitimate; information on circumcisions; midwives; and names of witnesses (to the circumcision or name-giving) or godparents. By the 1890s, Ukrainians were represented in the regional diet and Vienna parliament, being led by Stepan Smal-Stotsky. In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the Landtag (diet). [29][30], In World War I, several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian, German, and Russian armies, which resulted in the Russian army invading Chernivtsi for three times (30 August to 21 October 1914, 26 November 1914 to 18 February 1915 and 18 June 1916 to 2 August 1917). As a result, more rights were given to Ukrainians and Romanians, with five Ukrainians (including notably Lukian Kobylytsia), two Romanians and one German elected to represent the region. The transcription of the birth record states "mother from Zebie Galizia". Records . This register records births for the Orthodox Jewish community of Cluj. The most frequently mentioned villages are Ileanda (Hung: Nagy-Illonda), Urior (Hung: Alr), Ccu (Hung: Kack, Katzko), Glod (Hungarian Sosmez), and Slica (Hung: Szeluske). A Constituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an executive committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. The book is in handwritten Hungarian with a few loose printed sheets of birth records. 1868-1918, 1919-1945, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Banat, Birth records, Timioara, Tags: Despite this influx, Romanians continued to be the largest ethnic group until 1880, when Ukrainians (Ruthenians) outnumbered the Romanians 5:4. Some Hebrew names are given and addenda are occasionally in Romanian. Please note the book is catalogued as a register of marriages, but there is no indication that the dates recorded are in fact dates of weddings; such books were much more common for recording birth dates. This book is an alphabetic index of marriages or births in Jewish families taking place in the town of Timioara from 1845 to 1895. These places were not part of northern Bukovina but were added to the state of Chernivtsi after World War II. [73] In Bukovina, the practice of Rumanization dates to much earlier than the 20th century. Please note that at the time of survey (2016) any entries past 1915 were closed to researchers. Fdercis tervek az Osztrk-Magyar Monarchia talaktsra", "Minoritatea ucrainean din Romnia (19181940)", "Calvarul bucovinenilor sub ocupatia sovietica", "The Genocide of Romanians in Northern Bukovina", "Preedintele Iohannis a promulgat legea prin care data de 28 noiembrie este declarat Ziua", 1855 Austrian ethnic-map showing census data in lower right corner, File:Ethnographic map of austrian monarchy czoernig 1855.jpg, "Romnii din Ucraina reclam lipsa de interes a autoritilor de la Bucureti", "Comunitatea romneasc din Ucraina | CONSULATUL GENERAL AL ROMNIEI n Cernui", "Ziare.com: Romanii din Ucraina sunt divizati. Have it mailed to you. As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Shypyntsi land, recognizing the suzerainty of the Mongols, arose in the region. Romnii nord-bucovineni n exilul totalitarismului sovietic, Victor Brsan "Masacrul inocenilor", Bucureti, 1993, pp. Following the Soviet ultimatum, Romania ceded Northern Bukovina, which included Cernui, to the USSR on 28 June 1940. This book records births that took place in the town of Timioara from 1862 to 1885. The book is printed and recorded in German until around the mid-1870s after which it is primarily in Hungarian. In 1873, the Eastern Orthodox Bishop of Czernowitz (who was since 1783 under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Karlovci) was elevated to the rank of Archbishop, when a new Metropolitanate of Bukovinian and Dalmatia was created. Autor de la entrada Por ; istari global temasek Fecha de publicacin junio 9, 2022; country club of charleston membership initiation fee . 18401874-188518401874-18831883-18881890-1892, Entries in Old Cyrillic scriptEntries in Latin scriptHeadings in German Gothic and Old Cyrillic scriptHeadings in German Gothic and Romanian scriptGerman headings in Latin scriptHeadings in Romanian and Russian scripts. The handwritten entries are generally in a mix of Hungarian and German; the German, though written with Latin characters, has noticeable Yiddish traits. Record sets on All Galicia Database Austrian Ministry of Interior - Certification of Vital Records (1900-1909, 1917-1918) (122) Austrian Ministry of Interior - Certification of Vital Records (1903-1918) (239) Austrian Ministry of Interior - Changes of Names (1900-1918) (879) Please note that at the time of the present survey (2016), births dating later than 1914 were not legally accessible. Tags: 1868-1918, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bukovina, School records. The most famous monasteries are in the area of Suceava, which today is part of Romania. The Ukrainian populists fought for their ethnocultural rights against the Austrians. Entries record the names of the child and parents, often including mother's maiden name; the birth date and place; gender; whether the birth was legitimate; information on circumcisions; midwives; and names of witnesses (to the circumcision or name-giving) or godparents. No thanks. It was absorbed by Romania between the world wars. 1868-1918, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Birth records, Cluj, Transylvania, Tags: Spring 1945 saw the formation of transports of Polish repatriates who (voluntarily or by coercion) had decided to leave. The region was occupied by several now extinct peoples. Please note this register is catalogued under "Dej" but the surveying archivists chose to rename it within the JBAT catalogue to more accurately reflect the contents. In the 9th century Tivertsi and White Croatians and Cowari composed the local population. and much of the information is left blank. Please see also the entry for the alphabetic index of names corresponding to this book which is catalogued under Timioara-Fabric quarter, nr. The second list specifies the birth date and sometimes includes birth place. After the rise of Ukrainian nationalism in 1848[12] and the following rise of Romanian nationalism, Habsburg authorities reportedly awarded additional rights to Ukrainians in an attempt to temper Romanian ambitions of independence. It seems they were bound together in 1890. Also, Bukovinian regionalism continued under the new brand. In 1944 the Red Army drove the Axis forces out and re-established Soviet control over the territory. (1847-1895), Israelite community, Timioara-Iosefin quarter: births (1887-1942), Israelite community, Timioara-Iosefin quarter: births (1871-1886), Israelite community, Timioara-Fabric quarter: alphabetic index of births (1875-1882), Israelite community, Timioara-Fabric quarter: alphabetic index of births (1870-1895), Israelite community, Timioara-Fabric quarter: births (1875-1882), Israelite community, Timioara-Fabric quarter: births (1870-1895), Israelite community, Timioara-citadel quarter: alphabetic index of births (1886-1942), Israelite community, Timioara-citadel quarter: alphabetic index of births (1862-1885), Israelite community, Timioara-citadel quarter: alphabetic index of births (1830-1895), Israelite community, Timioara-citadel quarter: births (1886-1942), Israelite community, Timioara-citadel quarter: births (1862-1885), Israelite community, district of Timioara: Alphabetic index to birth records (1886-1950), Israelite community, district of Timioara: births (1886-1950), Israelite community, district of Timioara: births (1878-1931). 1868-1918, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Banat, Birth records, Sephardic communities, Timioara, Tags: Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians (the predecessors of modern Ukrainians together with the Rus', and of the Rusyns). Sometimes cause is also noted. During Soviet Communist rule in Bukovina, "private property was nationalized; farms were partly collectivized; and education was Ukrainianized. Let us help you to explore your family historyand to find your Austrian ancestors. [71] However, the local community claims to number 20,000, five times the number stated by Romanian authorities. This is a collection of records of birth, marriage, and death, usually in the form of register books kept by religious officials. Both headings and entries are entirely in German, Hebrew dates are also provided most of the time. The index records only name, year of birth, and page number on which the record may be found. In 1992, their descendants numbered four thousand people according to official Romanian statistics. Very few births recorded took place in Turda itself. Also part of Romania is the monastery of John the New[ro; uk], an Orthodox saint and martyr, who was killed by the Tatars in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi. Please also see item under call number 236/17, which is an index, by birth year, for this birth registery. [36] In part this was due to attempts to switch to Romanian as the primary language of university instruction, but chiefly to the fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious. Shortly thereafter, it became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire (1514).[12]. Note this book overlaps with and repeats entries from the deaths book with call nr. During this period it reinforced its ties to other Ukrainian lands, with many Bukovinian natives studying in Lviv and Kyiv, and the Orthodox Bukovinian Church flourishing in the region. Consequently, the culture of the Kievan Rus' spread in the region. In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland. Then, it became part of Moldavia in the 14th century. [9], According to the 1930 Romanian Census, Bukovina had a population of 853,009. To get better results, add more information such as First Name, Birth Info, Death Info and Locationeven a guess will help. List of Bukovina Villages - Bukovina Society List of Bukovina Villages This table was originally prepared by Dr. Claudius von Teutul and then modified by Werner Zoglauer for the Bukovina Society of the Americas. During the 19th century, as mentioned, the Austrian Empire policies encouraged the influx of migrants coming from Transylvania, Moldavia, Galicia and the heartland of Austria and Germany, with Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians, Romanians, and Ukrainians settling in the region. Only the year (of birth? This register records births for the Neologue Jewish community of Cluj. By late 12th century chronicle of Niketas Choniates, writes that some Vlachs seized the future Byzantine emperor, Andronikos Komnenos, when "he reached the borders of Halych" in 1164. The headings and entries are in Hungarian and the information was, in general, entered chronologically, with a few exceptions. This register records births for in Jewish families in villages around Cluj; Apahida and Bora (Hung: Kolozsborsa) appear frequently. The book is in German and some entries appear to have been made at a later point in time. [41] The majority of those targeted were ethnic native Romanians, but there were (to a lesser degree) representatives of other ethnicities, as well.[42]. When Kievan Rus was partitioned at the end of the 11th century, Bukovina became part of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia. However, by 1914 Bukovina managed to get "the best Ukrainian schools and cultural-educational institutions of all the regions of Ukraine. The entries have significant gaps (ie. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austria giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, retaining 278 villages. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the MolotovRibbentrop Pact, a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Another Austrian official report from 1783, referring to the villages between the Dniester and the Prut, indicated Ruthenian-speaking immigrants from Poland constituting a majority, with only a quarter of the population speaking Moldavian. Please see also the entry for the alphabetic index of names corresponding to this book which is catalogued under Timioara-Fabric quarter, nr. The lists seem to have been prepared for a census. The earliest birth entered took place in 1835 and the latest in 1894. The withdrawal of the Romanian Army, authorities, and civilians was disastrous. Following the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it for a road between Galicia and Transylvania. Cost per photocopy: 35. Edit Search New Search Jump to Filters. Despite being catalogued under "Dej" there are in fact no births, marriages or deaths recorded in Dej itself. An analysis of a record sample below shows the following transitions in script. Only the year of birth, the name of the individual and a page number, apparently referring to the original birth book, are recorded. [69] However, Ukrainian nationalists[citation needed] of the 1990s claimed the region had 110,000 Ukrainians. Genealogy of Bukovina - Bukovina Historical Records. [17], In May 1600 Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave), became the ruler the two Danubian principalities and Transylvania. The rule of thumb is that volumes are transferred when 75 years has passed since the last year in a volume. by Roman Zakhariy from Berezhany. 2 [Timioara-Fabric, nr. Name; date; gender; parents; marital status of parents; parent residence; midwife name; circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents are provided. Name; date; gender; parents; marital status of parents; parent residence; midwife name; circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents are provided. (in Romanian), 1855 Austrian ethnic-map showing 1851 census data in lower right corner, "The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". Data recorded is typical for record books of this time and includes the individual's name and birth details; parent details; place of residence; for births information on the circumcision; for marriages information on the ceremony; for deaths circumstances of death and details on the burial. This book is an alphabetic index of births in Jewish families taking place in the town of Timioara from 1830 to 1895. The majority of entries are for people from Reteag; other frequently mentioned villages are Baa (Hung: Baca), Cuzdrioara (Hung: Kozrvr), Gheorghieni/Giurfalu (Hung: Gyrgyfalva). Father . Oradea: Editura Imprimeriei de Vest, 1999. In this period, the patronage of Stephen the Great and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries of Moldovia, Sucevia, Putna, Humor, Vorone, Dragomirna, Arbore and others. Please note a noticeable portion of the families recorded here were from villages around Cluj, rather than Cluj itself. During the 19th century the Austria encouraged the influx of many immigrants such as Germans, Poles, Jews, Hungarians and additional Ruthenians. In general the entries were not comprehensively completed: they frequently only give name; date; gender; parent names and marital status; birth place; whereas normally such a book includes midwife name; circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents. oscar the grouch eyebrows. The Axis invasion of Northern Bukovina was catastrophic for its Jewish population, as conquering Romanian soldiers immediately began massacring its Jewish residents. The territory became part of the Ukrainian SSR as Chernivtsi Oblast (province). [4] Bukovina is sometimes known as the 'Switzerland of the East', given its diverse ethnic mosaic and deep forested mountainous landscapes. The headings are in German and Hungarian and the pages are specific to the needs of a Jewish community (spaces for circumcision information, includes Hebrew letters for dates). In some places in southern Bukovina, such as Balkivtsi (Romanian: Blcui), Izvoarele Sucevei, Ulma and Negostina, Ukrainian majority is still reported in Romanian census. Between March 1945 and July 1946, 10,490 inhabitants left Northern Bukovina for Poland, including 8,140 Poles, 2,041 Jews and 309 of other nationalities. Then, a process of Rumanization was carried out in the area. [12][13], After the fragmentation of Kievan Rus', Bukovina passed to the Principality of Galicia (Principality of Galicia-Volhynia) in 1124. Please note the register is catalogued by the National Archives as having deaths from 1845-1880, but this is an error. Name; date; gender; parents; marital status of parents; parent residence; midwife name; circumcision or naming ceremony details and name of witnesses or godparents are provided. In spite of Ukrainian resistance, the Romanian army occupied the northern Bukovina, including Chernivtsi, on November 11. [citation needed], The southern, or Romanian Bukovina reportedly has a significant Romanian majority (94.8%) according to Romanian sources, the largest minority group being the Romani people (1.9%) according to Romanian sources and Ukrainians, who make up 0.9% of the population (2011 census). A rebel army composed of Moldavian peasants took the fortified towns of Sniatyn, Kolomyia, and Halych, killing many Polish noblemen and burghers, before being halted by the Polish Royal Army in alliance with a Galician leve en masse and Prussian mercenaries while marching to Lviv. Most of them settled in Silesia, near the towns: Bolesawiec, Dzieroniw, Gubin, Luba lski, Lwwek lski, Nowa Sl, Oawa, Prudnik, Wrocaw, Zielona Gra, aga, ary. dave and sugar the door is always open. This register records births for the Orthodox Jewish community of Cluj. At the same time, the Ukrainian population rose to 108,907 and the Jewish population surged from 526 in 1774, to 11,600 in 1848. [13] The Ukrainians won representation at the provincial diet as late as 1890, and fought for equality with the Romanians also in the religious sphere. 'Familiar language spoken' was not recorded again until 1880. Data recorded is typical for record books of this time and includes the individual's name and birth details, parent details, place of residence, for births information on the circumcision, for marriages information on the ceremony, for deaths circumstances of death and details on the burial.
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