They went away apologetically, not having known Bryan sought the nomination. Bryan's speeches evolved over time; in December 1894, in a speech in Congress, he first used a phrase from which would come the conclusion to his most famous address: as originally stated, it was "I will not help to crucify mankind upon a cross of gold. Ah, my friends. As a Democratic member of the Ways and Means Committee through two Congresses, Mr. Bryan was by all odds the ablest and strongest orator on the Democratic side of the House. He cared about politics and his religion equally. Cross of Gold Speech - Analysis | Milestone Documents - Milestone Documents William Jennings Bryan: "Cross of Gold" Speech Log in to see the full document and commentary. [49][50], Delegates, as they waited for the committees to complete their work, spent much of the first two days listening to various orators. Let me assure him that not one person in all this convention entertains the least hostility to the people of the state of Massachusetts. My friends, we shall declare that this nation is able to legislate for its own people on every question without waiting for the aid or consent of any other nation on earth, and upon that issue we expect to carry every single state in the Union. Nevertheless, he won the nomination without the votes of the gold delegates, most of whom either left the convention or refused to vote. [79] Others took up the standards with the state names on them with each delegation, and planted them by Nebraska's. They have tried for thirty yearsthirty yearsto secure an international agreement, and those are waiting for it most patiently who dont want it at all. They could only beg them to spare the party the humiliation of broken traditions and the overthrowing of established control. bimetallism), which he believed would bring the nation prosperity. The sympathies of the Democratic Party, as shown by the platform, are on the side of the struggling masses, who have ever been the foundation of the Democratic Party.[77]. They can find where the holders of fixed investments have. Some, wrote another reporter, like demented things, divested themselves of their coats and flung them high in the air. The next day the convention nominated Bryan for President on the fifth ballot. Here is the line of battle. Another reporter approached him and asked him who he thought would win the nomination. If they ask us why we did not embody all these things in our platform which we believe, we reply to them that when we have restored the money of the Constitution, all other necessary reforms will be possible, and that until that is done there is no reform that can be accomplished. [27] The leader of those who left was Colorado Senator Henry M. Teller; he was immediately spoken of as a possible candidate for the Democratic nomination. German-born political cartoonist Thomas Nast gave America some of its most enduring symbols: the Republican elephant, the Democratic donkey, and Uncle Sam. If they tell us that the gold standard is the standard of civilization, we reply to them that this, the most enlightened of all nations of the earth, has never declared for a gold standard, and both the parties this year are declaring against it. My God!"[70][71][73]. A cartoon from the magazine "Judge" criticizing William Jennings Bryan for his "Cross of Gold" speech. However, he stated, facing towards the gold delegates, "when you come before us and tell us that we are about to disturb your business interests, we reply that you have disturbed our business interests by your course. I stand with Jefferson rather than with them, and tell them, as he did, that the issue of money is a function of the government and that the banks should go out of the governing business. I am in favor of an income tax. With the powerful words he used, Bryan showed his support to the Populists. Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform which declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it can be changed into bimetallism by international agreement. I want to suggest this truth, that if the gold standard is a good thing we ought to declare in favor of its retention and not in favor of abandoning it; and if the gold standard is a bad thing, why should we wait until some other nations are willing to help us to let it go? "[89] The New York Times disparaged Bryan as "the gifted blatherskite from Nebraska". He mocked McKinley, said by some to resemble Napoleon, noting that he was nominated on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. The gentleman who just preceded me [Governor Russell] spoke of the old state of Massachusetts. In a speech called "Cross of Gold," it is difficult to ignore the religious imagery that Bryan employs. However, he lost the general election to William McKinley, and the United States formally adopted the gold standard in 1900. If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we will fight them to the uttermost. According to William Jennings Byran:. Both men spoke to hundreds of thousands of people from their chosen venues. Russell's address was inaudible to most of the Coliseum; he was ill and died just over a week later. The temporary chairmanship, for example, would have permitted him to deliver the keynote address. Second, like many people, Bryan thought the gold standard disadvantaged the working classes and farmers by keeping the price of debt high. Much activity took place in advance of the formal opening as the silver and (vastly outnumbered) gold forces prepared their strategies. "Strictly confidential, not to be quoted for publication: I will be. "[56], Vilas quickly lost his audience, which did not want to hear Cleveland defended. "[26], In early 1896, with the economy still poor, there was widespread discontent with the two existing major political parties. Bryan made a speech called "Cross of Gold", which had a strong reaction with the audience and included religious imagery. The money went for speakers, pamphlets, and other means of conveying their "sound money" campaign to the voter. The thirty-six-year-old former Congressman from Nebraska aspired to be the Democratic nominee for president, and he had been skillfully, but quietly, building support for himself among the delegates. Can you find the other strategies in his speech? Burn down your cities and leave our farms, and your cities will spring up again as if by magic; but destroy our farms and the grass will grow in the streets of every city in the country.[76]. If you want criticisms, read the dissenting opinions of the Court. Source 1 Political Cartoon "Swallowed" from Puck Magazine Source 2 Cross of Gold Political Cartoon Source 3 Photograph of a sod house Source 4 Political Cartoon, "The Grange . Leave a comment. There was loud cheering as Bryan stood there, waiting for his audience to calm. [16] By 1893, his views on silver had evolved, and on the floor of the House of Representatives, he delivered a riveting three-hour address against repeal of the Silver Purchase Act. They called for the return to pre-1873 laws, which would require the Mint to take all the silver offered it and return it, struck into silver dollars. UPTO 50% OFF ON ALL PRODUCTS. i. It simply intends to put the burdens of government justly upon the backs of the people. Mr. McKinley was nominated at St. Louis upon a platform that declared for the maintenance of the gold standard until it should be changed into bimetallism by an international agreement. Both of these movements helped to create the People's Party, or the Populist Party, which officially established its party platform in Omaha, Nebraska, on July 4, 1892. Bryan consented, on condition that his own time was extended by the same amount; this was agreed to. Welcome to a series on William Jennings Bryan's famous 1896 Cross of Gold speech. The gold standard, which the United States had effectively been on since 1873, limited the money supply but eased trade with other nations, such as the United Kingdom, whose currency was also based on gold. The late 19th century saw divergent views in economics as the laissez-faire orthodoxy was questioned by younger economists, and both sides found ample support for their views from theorists. [96] Bryan spoke on silver throughout the campaign; he rarely addressed other issues. Behind the scenes and the irony: -fueling of the trucks uncaring of the president iv. We believe it. [46] However, Barnes deemed the actions by the committee immaterial to the outcome due to the silver strength in the convention: Anyone who doubts the power the silverites were ready to unleash in a disciplined and irresistible attack needs only to read the results of the election of temporary chairman. [97] Although McKinley outpolled him by 600,000votes, Bryan received more votes than any previous presidential candidate. "[69] The gold men, during the address, paid close attention and showed their appreciation for Bryan's oratory. [6] Silver was now undervalued at the Mint; accordingly little was presented for striking into money. Bryan is arguing against the gold standard and so he isn't apt to paint gold in those idyllic terms. (This inflationary measure would have increased the amount of money in circulation and aided cash-poor and debt-burdened farmers.) We do not come as individuals. Delegates called for better-known speakers, such as Altgeld or Bryan, but were granted neither then; the Illinois governor declined, and the Nebraskan, once seated, spent much of his time away from the convention floor at the platform committee meeting at the Palmer House. Updates? Those who are opposed to this proposition tell us that the issue of paper money is a function of the bank and that the government ought to go out of the banking business. Both men had electoral problems: Bland at age 61 was seen by some as a man whose time had passed; Boies was a former Republican who had once decried bimetallism. In his address, Bryan supported "free silver" (i.e. Known as an orator even then, Bryan had not always favored free silver out of conviction, stating in 1892 that he was for it because the people of Nebraska were for it. It was not in any concerted or open action, however, that Bryan had his strength; it was in the friendly predisposition of the mass of the delegates that he had hopes.[30]. They tell us that this platform was made to catch votes. Question 9 30 seconds Q. He sent letters to national convention delegates, urging them to support silver, and enclosing copies of his photograph, writings, and speeches. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal, and this has been a contest over a principle. A third attempt in early 1878 again passed the House, and eventually both houses after being amended in the Senate. Our ancestors, when but three millions in number, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation; shall we, their descendants, when we have grown to seventy millions, declare that we are less independent than our forefathers? Lafayette, CA: d press, 1995. The financial Panic of 1893 intensified the debates, and when President Grover Cleveland (a Democrat) continued to support the gold standard against the will of much of his party, activists became determined to take over the Democratic Party organization and nominate a silver-supporting candidate in 1896. "[80], It took about 25minutes to restore order, and according to Bensel, "somewhere in the mass demonstration that was convulsing the convention hall, the transfer of sentiment from silver as a policy to Bryan as a presidential candidate took place". The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. Senators, Bryan rose to speak. More than that, we can tell them this, that they will search the pages of history in vain to find a single instance in which the common people of any land ever declared themselves in favor of a gold standard. The issue was whether to endorse the free coinage of silver at a ratio of silver to gold of 16 to 1. [102] Bryan's emphasis on agrarian issues, both in his speech and in his candidacy, may have helped cement voting patterns which kept the Democrats largely out of power until the 1930s. His speeches impressed many; even some of his opponents later conceded that Bryan was the most compelling speaker they had ever heard. Cleveland tried to replenish the Treasury through issuance of bonds which could only be purchased with gold, with little effect but to increase the public debt, as the gold continued to be withdrawn in redemption for paper and silver currency. The full text of William Jenning Bryans famous Cross of Gold speech appears below. They criticize us for our criticism of the Supreme Court of the United States. People who were free-silver thought that currency reform would end them. On the night of July 8, William Jennings Bryan revealed himself as the candidate the silverites were looking for by delivering one of the most famous speeches in American history. [38] On the evening of July 5, Bryan was visited by a delegation of Coloradans, seeking his support for Senator Teller. Bryan, an advocate for free silver made a speech at the Democratic National Convention which became known as the "Cross of Gold" in his speech he spoke against the gold standard and for silver to be back as a monetary standard. My friend, in this land of the free you need fear no tyrant who will spring up from among the people. They have tried to strain it to mean that which it does not mean. We beg no longer; we entreat no more; we petition no more. The legislation also established the Mint of the United States. Speakers in some states cursed Cleveland; the South Carolina convention denounced him. Bryan continued with language evoking the Civil War, telling his audience that "in this contest brother has been arrayed against brother, father against son. [68] He denied, however that the contest was personal; he bore no ill-will towards those who supported the gold standard. It did not become unconstitutional until one judge changed his mind; and we cannot be expected to know when a judge will change his mind. They say we passed an unconstitutional law. Edition of 10 (this copy is #5). [52] Although Tillman endorsed silver, his address was so laced with sectionalism that most silver delegates remained silent for fear of being seen as supporting him. Bryan considered this no loss at all; the focus of the convention was on the party platform and the debate which would precede its adoption. [98] The Democratic candidate failed to gain a majority of the labor vote; McKinley won in working-class areas as well as wealthy precincts. [33] Silver forces were supported by the Democratic National Bimetallic Committee, the umbrella group formed in 1895 to support silver Democrats in their insurgency against Cleveland. Circulars were being distributed in Illinois, and admirers in Nebraska, North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and other states were urging his selection among their friends. Mr. Carlisle said in 1878 that this was a struggle between the idle holders of idle capital and the struggling masses who produce the wealth and pay the taxes of the country; and my friends, it is simply a question that we shall decide upon which side shall the Democratic Party fight. Nevertheless, Senator John W. Daniel of Virginia was by an overwhelming vote elected temporary chairman, and a Committee on Credentials was appointed that seated Bryan and his contesting Nebraska delegation.[47]. For one thing, he began the 1896 convention without any official statusthe Democratic National Committee, which made the initial determination of which delegations would be seated, had chosen the pro-gold Nebraskans to represent their state. [7] This would inflate the money supply, and, adherents argued, increase the nation's prosperity. It is intended to spark pedagogical creativity by giving a sample approach to the material. [99], Bryan's speech is considered one of the most powerful political addresses in American history. The use of symbols: -the suit -gas station -the 2 trucks iii. I shall object to bringing this question down to a level of persons. The policemen were swept away by the flood of delegates, who raised Bryan to their shoulders and carried him around the floor. Pamphlet. The President's move was opposed by the Democratic Governor of Illinois, John Altgeld. Why, that man who used to boast that he looked like Napoleon, that man shudders today when he thinks that he was nominated on the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. Historian Stanley Jones, in his study of the 1896 election, suggests that western Democrats would have opposed Cleveland even if the party had held its congressional majority in 1894; with the disastrous defeat, they believed the party would be wiped out in the West if it did not support silver. Some of the impoverished died of disease or starvation; others killed themselves.[15]. Bryan also ran in the years 1900 and 1908 which became failures. It is because no private character, however pure, no personal popularity, however great, can protect from the avenging wrath of an indignant people the man who will either declare that he is in favor of fastening the gold standard upon this people, or who is willing to surrender the right of self-government and place legislative control in the hands of foreign potentates and powers. [45] The DNC's action could be reversed, but not until the convention's credentials committee reported. [3], In the early 19th century, the economic disruption caused by the Napoleonic Wars caused United States gold coins to be worth more as bullion than as money, and they vanished from circulation. Governmental response to this shortage was hampered by the fact that officials did not clearly understand what had happened. Nevertheless, large crowds gathered outside the public entrances; the galleries were quickly packed. [4] When silver prices rose relative to gold as a reaction to the California Gold Rush, silver coinage was worth more than face value, and rapidly flowed overseas for melting. For these images we dont claim any copyright or other intellectual property rights and neither do our contributors, we just provide you with access to a high resolution copy to use in line with the terms of the license you buy. But note the change. Therefore, we care not upon what lines the battle is fought. Why this change? It demonstrated the need for better communications in wartime. Our war is not a war of conquest. If they say bimetallism is good but we cannot have it till some nation helps us, we reply that, instead of having a gold standard because England has, we shall restore bimetallism, and then let England have bimetallism because the United States have. . From the beginning of the speech, Bryan suggests that his cause is righteous and. One farmer in the gallery had been about to leave rather than listen to Bryan, whom he deemed a Populist; he had been persuaded to stay. Jones deemed the Democrats likely to nominate a candidate who would appeal to the Populist Party, and Bryan had been elected to Congress with Populist support. His subsequent canvass [campaign] for the United States senatorship in Nebraska was noteworthy and conspicuous on many accounts. If they ask us here why it is we say more on the money question than we say upon the tariff question, I reply that if protection has slain its thousands the gold standard has slain its tens of thousands. Instructors: CLICK HERE to request a free trial account (only available to college instructors) Primary Source Readers It showed American support for european economic interests in East Africa. He says that mankind won't be crucified on a cross of gold. Conditions have arisen and we are attempting to meet those conditions. You come to us and tell us that the great cities are in favor of the gold standard; we reply that the great cities rest upon our broad and fertile prairies. The bill, as modified by amendments sponsored by Iowa Senator William B. Allison, did not reverse the 1873 provisions, but required the Treasury to purchase a minimum of $2 million of silver bullion per month; the profit, or seignorage from monetizing the silver was to be used to purchase more silver bullion. In the late 1800's a populist movement was happening and people were starting to take notice. Our ancestors, when but 3 million, had the courage to declare their political independence of every other nation upon earth. One Indiana voter wrote, "God has sent you amongst our people to save the poor from starvation, and we no [sic] you will save us. [65] Bryan then recounted the history of the silver movement; the audience, which had loudly demonstrated its approval of his opening statements, quieted. They are also most often funny. In January 1791, at the request of Congress, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton issued a report on the currency. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. We come to speak of this broader class of business men. We believe it is a part of sovereignty and can no more with safety be delegated to private individuals than can the power to make penal statutes or levy laws for taxation. [90], The Pullman Company offered Bryan a private car for his trip home; he declined, not wishing to accept corporate favors. The response, wrote one reporter, came like one great burst of artillery. Men and women screamed and waved their hats and canes. The humblest citizen in all the land, when clad in the armor of a righteous cause, is stronger than all the hosts of error. American cartoon by Grant Hamilton, 1896, on William Jennings Bryan's 'Cross of Gold' speech at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago, which won Bryan the presidential nomination. Although his statements nominally responded to a point made by Russell, Bryan had thought of the argument the previous evening, and had not used it in earlier speeches. The full text of William Jenning Bryan's famous "Cross of Gold" speech appears below. [82] The convention passed the platform in Bryan's absence and recessed. The most famous speech in American political history was delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 9, 1896, at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago. Vilas gave a lengthy defense of the Cleveland administration's policies, so long that Russell, fearing that Vilas' speech would cut into his time, asked that the time given to the gold proponents be extended by ten minutes. [27] However, part of his strategy was to remain inconspicuous until the last possible moment at the convention. South Carolina Senator Benjamin Tillman was to be the other pro-silver speaker, and originally wished to close the debate. [64], Bryan's opening claimed no personal prestige for himselfbut nevertheless placed him as the spokesman for silver. Three months ago, when it was confidently asserted that those who believed in the gold standard would frame our platforms and nominate our candidates, even the advocates of the gold standard did not think that we could elect a President; but they had good reasons for the suspicion, because there is scarcely a state here today asking for the gold standard that is not within the absolute control of the Republican Party. President Cleveland sent federal troops to Illinois to end the Pullman strikeworkers at the Pullman Palace Car Company, which made railroad cars, had struck after wages were cut. But note the change. . Why? [79] As he moved towards his seat, the Coliseum burst into pandemonium. Bound in semi-stiff boards covered in dark green washi paper, wit ( July 8, 1896 ), classic of American political oratory delivered by William Jennings Bryan ( Bryan, William Jennings) in closing the debate on the party platform at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1896. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. As he traveled by rail to Lincoln, he saw farmers and others standing by the tracks, hoping for a glimpse of the new Democratic nominee. [94], Bryan's nomination divided the party. At the. Critics contended that the inflation which would follow the introduction of such a policy would harm workers, whose wages would not rise as fast as prices would, and the operation of Gresham's law would drive gold from circulation, effectively placing the United States on a silver standard. More than a century after Bryan delivered that speech, his words still have power, and some of his metaphors still appear in political speeches and platforms. Bryan did not think it was necessary for the United States to hold in reserve an amount of gold equal in value to all the paper money in circulation. We are prepared to meet them on either issue or on both. In his address, Bryan supported "free silver" (i.e. He says that we are opposing the national bank currency. These statements may involve a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity and performance to be materially different from the expectations and projections of Globex. In passing the Coinage Act, Congress eliminated bimetallism. I come to speak to you in defense of a cause as holy as the cause of libertythe cause of humanity. Co-founder, Chairman and CEO of Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook, Inc.) Co-founder and co-CEO of Chan Zuckerberg Initiative . The galleries were filled with white as spectators waved handkerchiefs, and it was several minutes before he could continue. What we oppose in that plank is the life tenure that is being built up in Washington which establishes an office-holding class and excludes from participation in the benefits the humbler members of our society. There were a large number of potential candidates seen as having less support; these included Vice President Adlai Stevenson of Illinois, Senator Joseph C. Blackburn of Kentucky, Senator Teller, and Bryan.[43]. The individual is but an atom; he is born, he acts, he dies; but principles are eternal; and this has been a contest of principle. William Jennings Bryan. Bryan, once seated, was Nebraska's representative to the Committee on Resolutions (generally called the "platform committee"), which allocated 80minutes to each side in the debate and selected Bryan as one of the speakers. 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